PAPER

      Summary of data communication

      Arranged by :

                                REZA DWILINGGA

      XI TKJ 1

    No absent: 34

   COMPUTER AND NETWORK ENGINEERING


      School year

2022/2023

1. DEFINITION OF DATA COMMUNICATION

Data communication is the process of sending and receiving data/information from two or more devices (English: devices) (such as computers/laptops/mobile phones/printers/and other communication devices) that are connected in a network. Both local and wide, such as the internet. Basically data communication is the process of sending information between two points using binary code through transmission lines and switching equipment, it can be between computers and computers, computers with terminals, or computers with equipment, or equipment with equipment. Another definition of data communication is the transmission of electronic data through several media (coaxial cable, optical fiber, microwave, etc.). The system that allows data transmission to occur is often referred to as a data communication network

2.Diversity of Communication

Communication diversity is one or more methods that can be used to convey information that is interconnected between individuals, be it individual, group and community relationships.

1. Audio Communication 

Audio communication is communication to convey (send or receive) information in the form of sound or hearing.

    Kinds of Audio In Data Communication.

-Audio visual 

-Audio Streaming 

-Audio Response 

-Audio Oscillator 

-Audio Modem Riser 

Audio Devices in Data Communication. 

-Audio CODEC

-Audio Controller 

-Microphone & Speaker 

Types of audio file format types. mp3 AIFF ogg wav AAC WMA Real-audio

2. Video Communication 

Video Communication is communication to convey (send or receive) information in the form of Visual or Sight. Example: Big screen that displays advertisements in cities.

3.Audio Video Communication

Audio Video Communication is communication to convey (send or receive) information in the form of Visual and Sound.

Example: Television, Video Call, etc.

3.Standard of communication 

Data communication standard is a rule that regulates or permits the connection, communication, and transfer of data between two or more terminal computer points. Data communication standards can be applied to hardware, software, or a combination of both. At the lowest level, data communication standards define the connection hardware role or hardware.

-Standard Communication Organization

The data communication organization standard is IEEE 802.11. IEEE is an institution that conducts discussions, research, and development of network devices which later become standardization that is used as a standard. network devices, data communications, and so on.

-Internet Communication Standard 

TCP/IP. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) are standards of data communication used by the internet community. This standard regulates the process of exchanging data or information from one computer to another on the internet network. TCP is suitable for connections that require high reliability such as Telnet(23), HTTP(80), FTP(21), SSH(22).

4.Osi Layer

A. Physical Layer.

To define network transmission media, bit synchronization, network architecture (such as Ethernet), network topology and cabling. In addition, this level also defines how the Network Interface Card (NIC) can interact with cable or radio media. Binary data is encoded in a form that can be transmitted over a network medium, for example cables, transceivers and connectors associated with the Physical layer. Equipment such as repeaters, hubs and network cards are at this layer

B.Data-link layer

To determine how the data bits are grouped into a format called a frame. In addition, at this level there is error correction, flow control, hardware addressing (such as Media Access Control Address (MAC Address), and determining how network devices such as hubs, bridges, repeaters, and layer 2 switches operate. 802, divides this level into two child levels, namely the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer and the Media Access Control (MAC) layer. The function of the LLC is to prepare a retransmission of packet failure when indicated, while the function of the MAC layer is to coordinate direct access to the layer. depending on the media access control method, such as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD),

CSMA/CD = Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection or often shortened to CSMA/CD is a media access control (MAC) method used by Ethernet network technology. With this method, a network node that will send data to the destination node will first ensure that the network is not being used for transfers from and by other nodes. If at the checking stage another data transmission is found and a collision occurs, then the node is required to repeat the delivery request at the next random time interval. Thus, an effective network can be used interchangeably.

CSMA/CA = Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance, a contention protocol on the network that can analyze network conditions to avoid collisions, unlike CSMA/CD which uses network transmission settings when collisions occur. CSMA/CA consumes traffic because before any data is transmitted it will send a broadcast signal on the network to detect scenarios or possible collisions and instruct all devices not to broadcast.

C. Network Layer

To define IP addresses and provide routing functions so that packets can be sent out of a local network segment to a destination on another network. Examples of protocols used such as IP

D.Transport Layer

To break data into data packets and assign serial numbers to these packets so that they can be rearranged on the destination side after being received. In addition, at this level also makes a sign that the packet was received successfully (acknowledgment), and retransmits lost packets in the middle of the road.

Data transport layer, using protocols such as UDP and TCP. This layer provides reliable and transparent transfer between the two endpoints, it also provides multiplexing, flow control and error checking and repair.



E.Session Layer

To define how a connection can be started, maintained, or terminated. Several protocols at this layer: NETBIOS: a session interface and protocol, developed by IBM, that provides services to the presentation layer and application layer. NETBEUI, (NETBIOS Extended User Interface), is an extension of NETBIOS used in Microsoft networking products, such as Windows NT and LAN Manager. ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol). PAP (Printer Access Protocol), which is available on Postscript printers for access on AppleTalk networks.

F. Presentation Layer

To translate the data to be transmitted by the application into a format that can be transmitted over the network. Protocols within this level are redirector software, such as Workstation services (in Windows NT) as well as Network shells (such as Virtual Network Computing (VNC) or Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)).

G.Application Layer

As an interface with applications with network functionality, manage how applications can access the network, and then generate error messages. The protocols in this layer are HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and NFS.